![]() ![]() This bronze still consisted of unworked lumps or, at most, rough bars of irregular weight.ĭuring the 4th century bc, Roman contact with the Greek cities of southern Italy slowly increased these included such prolific mint cities as Nola, Hyria, and Naples. In fact, the expression of values in terms of cattle may have lasted, officially, into the 5th century, for it was not until the decemvirs (a legislative commission) codified the law and drew up the Twelve Tables (451–449 bc) that fines were fixed in bronze. From this it was falsely concluded that bronze coins marked with the device of cattle existed from the 6th century. Simultaneously, standards of value appear to have been expressed in terms of cattle and sheep, as is clear not only from the derivation of pecunia (“money”) from pecus (“cattle,” or “sheep”) but also from the early assessment of fines in oxen and sheep. Rough, unworked lumps of bronze ( aes rude) were certainly used as a metal currency from the 6th century, if not much earlier, perhaps in rare conjunction with very small quantities of unworked gold and silver, themselves also passing by weight. Roman historical tradition, however, seriously confused the elements of the true picture. Roman historians later attributed coinage unhesitatingly to the much earlier regal period: some derived nummus (“coin”) from Numa Pompilius, by tradition Rome’s second king, and Servius Tullius was credited with silver coinage, as well as with bronze stamped with the device of cattle. Rome, founded in the 8th century bc, had no true coinage until the 3rd. Roman coins, republic and empire The beginningsĪlthough Roman coinage soon diverged from Greek conventions, its origins were similar. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. ![]()
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